Modern era of medicine has two distinct features that have made it significantly different from the past periods. They are evidence-based decision-making and their guideline-directed implementation. The former gives clear answers to practical physicians which diagnostic tool, remedy or surgical approach is best for the specific problem. The latter delivers the knowledge in a concise summary, guiding its implementation. In the result, patients benefit from the finest medical care and improve their outcomes with every decade.

In the past, health care givers developed their medical concept from the experience of their mentors and modified it throughout personal practice. No doubt, concilia with colleagues boosted noesis. However, that knowledge had always been under the risk of unsupported interpretations and other disfigurations. Consequently, not infrequently physicians had faulty understanding and could apply questionable as by the current standards treatment.

Purpose: Renal failure is a significant and prevalent problem in global healthcare, and dialysis is the primary intervention for end-stage renal disease. This work examines the relationship between dialysis modality and gender on the risk of developing kidney failure in Tabuk City. It is handled using the Cox Proportional Hazards Model (CPHM) and is a part of the survival analysis in nephrology.

Methodology: This research assessed 100 patients suffering from kidney failure who receive dialysis at the King Khalid Hospital in Tabuk City. Other variables of interest were dialysis type, peritoneal or Hemodialysis and Gender. The CPHM assessed the survival results considering the censored data. We also calculated hazard ratios and survival probability.

Results: The present study evaluated the effect of Peritoneal Dialysis in preventing the risk of kidney failure compared to hemodialysis using a hazard ratio of 0.436, p = 0.002. Furthermore, the males were the weaker Sex in this study as they had a significantly lower hazard rate of kidney failure than the females (hazard rate = 0.471; p = 0.006) by 52.9%. Overall survival curves also supported the better results for peritoneal dialysis and females.

Conclusion: The implications of the study stress dialysis type and gender regarding survival results, which are consistent with previous research and include regional factors. Therefore, the study's findings suggest individualized treatment strategies and multi-factorial research studies to consider more variables for accurate risk evaluation.

Keywords: Kidney Failure; Dialysis; Survival Analysis; Proportional Hazards Models; Saudi Arabia

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a pathogen able to utilize various carbon sources to produce polysaccharide capsule to avoid the immune system, leading to responsible for many life-threatening infections. Kinetic models may be used to examine S. pneumoniae’s carbon utilization but there are no whole-cell kinetic models of S. pneumoniae to date. In this study, we construct a whole-cell kinetic model based on S. pneumoniae NCTC 7465 using its annotated genome. The resulting model, spnLHP26, consists of 460 enzymes catalysing 836 reactions involving 163 metabolites; which may be suitable as a baseline draft model to examine virulence-associated metabolic susceptibilities of S. pneumoniae.

Keywords: Whole-cell model; Kinetic model; Differential equations; AdvanceSyn Toolkit