In recent years, the field of advanced manufacturing has witnessed a paradigm shift with the emergence of 4D printing—a revolutionary technology that extends the capabilities of 3D printing by incorporating time as the fourth dimension. Unlike static 3D-printed objects, 4D-printed structures possess the ability to autonomously change their shape, properties, or function in response to external stimuli such as temperature, humidity, light, or pH. This transformative capability opens new frontiers in smart materials, adaptive systems, and sustainable engineering solutions.
